1. Figure 1.1.2 : Shrinking per person land availability in Africa, 1950–2050
2. Figure 2.2.1 : Current and potential arable land in Africa - View on Environment Live
3. Figure 2.3.13 : West African Large Marine Ecosystem boundaries for the Canary, Guinea and Benguela Current LMEs, and reconstructed marine catches by fishing sector for the Gambia (a), Liberia (b) and Namibia (c), respectively representing the LMEs
4. Figure 2.4.4 : The bushmeat chain reaction
5. Figure 2.5.3 : Basic needs, shelter factors, personal factors and endogenous factors interact in a holistic network to determine health outcomes
6. Figure 2.5.4 : Broader context which determines policy effectiveness
7. Figure 3.1.6 : Major transport route development
8. Figure 3.1.8 : Africa’s energy infrastructure programme
9. Figure 3.2.1 : African ecological futures scenarios
10. Figure 3.2.2 : Key assumptions of the four scenarios

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1. Figure 1.1.3b : Rhinoceros horn trafficking
2. Figure 2.1.2 : Exposure of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometres or less (PM10) in 1 100 urban areas, 2003–2010
3. Figure 2.1.4 : Countries with regular air quality monitoring in all main cities
4. Figure 2.2.1 : CAADP country process
5. Figure 2.2.3 : Global Hunger Index and irrigation coverage in sub-Saharan African nations, 2011
6. Figure 2.2.7 : Land degradation in Africa
7. Figure 2.2.8 : Number and share of people without access to electricity, by country, 2012 - View on Environment Live
8. Figure 2.3.1 : Renewable internal freshwater resources per person in 1 000m3
9. Figure 2.3.10 : Africa’s major wetlands
10. Figure 2.3.11 : African cities at risk due to sea-level rise
11. Figure 2.3.5 : Distribution of dams across Africa
12. Figure 2.3.6 : Total water stored in the land annually in Africa, 2003–2012
13. Figure 2.3.7 : Annual precipitation over Africa, 2003–2012
14. Figure 2.3.8 : Groundwater storage in Africa
15. Figure 2.3.9 : Transboundary aquifers and international river and lake basins in Africa
16. Figure 2.4.1 : Cropland in Africa - expansion of the area under cultivation is a major threat to biodiversity loss - View on Environment Live
17. Figure 2.4.2 : Africa’s forests some of the continent’s most important habitats
18. Figure 2.4.5 : Correlation between population growth and numbers of vulnerable species
19. Figure 2.4.7 : Percentage of the marine areas within national jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles) covered by protected areas
20. Figure 2.5.1 : Global age-standardized environmental deaths, 2012 - View on Environment Live
21. Figure 3.1.1 : Ecosystem assets
22. Figure 3.1.2 : Projected population increase 2005- 2050
23. Figure 3.1.4 : Foreign Direct Investment into Africa
24. Figure 3.1.7 : Transboundary water initiatives
25. Figure 3.1.9 : Agricultural suitability, 2011-2040

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1. Box 3.2.1 : Land-use change for the Congo Basin
2. Figure 1.1.1 : Change in working age population, 1950–2100
3. Figure 1.1.3a : The effect of illegal wildlife trafficking on the black rhinoceros
4. Figure 1.1.3c : Number of black rhinos
5. Figure 1.1.5 : World domestic extraction by region, 1970–2010 - View on Environment Live
6. Figure 2.1.3 : Observed and simulated variations in past and projected future annual average temperature over Africa
7. Figure 2.2.10 : Per capita food production index
8. Figure 2.2.2 : Total fertilizer consumption in Africa, 2002–2012
9. Figure 2.2.5 : Africa natural forest area and trend by sub-region, 1990–2015
10. Figure 2.2.9 : Progress on MDG 1, Target C to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
11. Figure 2.3.12 : Aquaculture catch in Africa, 2005–2011
12. Figure 2.3.14 : Percentage of the 2012 Global Population that Gained Access to Water Supply
13. Figure 2.3.2 : Africa’s access to drinking water, 2005–2012 - View on Environment Live
14. Figure 2.3.3 : Annual water-level variations in Lake Victoria
15. Figure 2.3.4 : Declining water levels in Lake Haromaya, Ethiopia, 1975–2005
16. Figure 2.4.3 : Recorded number of rhinos poached in South Africa
17. Figure 2.4.6 : Percentage of the marine areas within national jurisdiction (0–200 nautical miles) covered by protected areas for each CBD region
18. Figure 2.5.2 : Deaths attributable to the environment, by region and disease group, 2012
19. Figure 3.1.5 : Infrastructure investment commitments in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2013

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1. Contribution of industry to GDP, 1970 - 2008
2. The intentions of the various GEGs to which the majority of countries in Africa are party
3. Land availability in Africa
4. Global Environmental Goals for Land
5. Water Global Environmental Goals
6. Biodiversity Global Environmental Goals
7. The African Union Agenda 2063 Goals
8. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
9. Progress towards the SDGs in the Good Neighbours scenario
10. Progress towards the SDGs in the Going Global scenario
11. Progress towards the SDGs in the All in Together scenario
12. Progress toward the SDGs in the Helping Hands scenario
13. Specific policy-related AU goals in the Good Neighbours scenario
14. Specific policy-related AU goals in the Going Global scenario
15. Specific policy-related AU goals in the All In Together scenario
16. Specific policy-related AU goals in the Helping Hands scenario
17. Table 2.2.1 : Sustainable land management practices
18. Table 2.4.1 : Risk status of mammalian and avian livestock breeds
19. Table 3.1.1 : Trends in foreign direct investment into Africa, 2000–2015
20. Table 3.3.1 : Progress towards the Agenda 2063 aspirations and goals in all four pathways
21. Table 3.4.1 : Going Global scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
22. Table 3.4.2 : Going Global scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
23. Table 3.4.3 : All In Together scenario – challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
24. Table 3.4.4 : Helping Hands scenario - challenges/opportunities and responses/leverage
25. Table 3.4.5 : Suggested policy pathways

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1. Figure 1.2.1 : Conceptual illustration framing the overarching narrative of the North America assessment
2. Figure 2.1.12 : The transformation of the air quality monitoring paradigm
3. Figure 2.4.13 : The relationship between overall eutrophic condition, associated eutrophic symptoms and influencing factors
4. Figure 2.4.14 : Factors affecting increasing prevalence of harmful algal blooms in freshwater
5. Figure 2.5.5 : Pathways of mercury into fish and humans
6. Figure 2.6.2 : Pathways of pharmaceuticals in the environment
7. Figure 2.6.4 : Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide released into the atmosphere from a variety of sources fall to the ground as wet or dry acid deposition
8. Figure 2.6.7 : Reducing food waste
9. Figure 2.7.2 : Arctic amplifying feedbacks
10. Figure 2.7.4 : North Atlantic Ocean Circulation
11. Figure 2.7.5 : Response of marine mammal species to sea ice loss mediated by their reliance on it for key aspects of their survival
12. Figure 2.9.1 : Resource pyramid concept
13. Figure 2.9.2 : How gas drilling could affect the environment
14. Figure 2.9.4 : The levelized cost of electricity from utility-scale renewable technologies, 2010 and 2014
15. Figure 3.2.10 : Energy-from-waste plant diagram
16. Figure 3.2.14 : Elements of a sustainable consumption and production system
17. Figure 3.2.16 : Outline of a circular economy
18. Figure 3.2.17 : Ecosystem services
19. Figure 3.2.6 : Yakima Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan
20. Figure 3.2.8 : Summary of California Emergency Conservation Regulation
21. Figure 3.2.9 : Mechanism of osmosis and reverse osmosis
22. Figure 3.3.7 : Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan accomplishments
23. Figure 4.2.1 : Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (left) and direct air capture and storage
24. Figure 4.4.1 : The Sustainable Development Goals
25. Figure 4.5.1 : Example of an ecosystem valuation framework

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1. Figure 2.1.11 : AirNow story map interactive summary of air quality observations at key locations
2. Figure 2.1.5a : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2005
3. Figure 2.1.5a : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2005
4. Figure 2.1.5b : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2011
5. Figure 2.1.5b : Annual average tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column in 2011
6. Figure 2.1.6a : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 1990
7. Figure 2.1.6a : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 1990
8. Figure 2.1.6b : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 2012
9. Figure 2.1.6b : Canada and the US, annual wet sulphate deposition, 2012
10. Figure 2.1.6c : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 1990
11. Figure 2.1.6c : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 1990
12. Figure 2.1.6d : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 2012
13. Figure 2.1.6d : Canada and the US, annual wet nitrate deposition, 2012
14. Figure 2.1.7 : US counties that do not attain NAAQS, 2015
15. Figure 2.1.7 : US counties that do not attain NAAQS, 2015
16. Figure 2.1.8 : EJScreen, national percentile exposure to PM2.5 for Los Angeles
17. Figure 2.1.9 : Critical loads of acidity for lakes or upland forest soils across Canada
18. Figure 2.1.9 : Critical loads of acidity for lakes or upland forest soils across Canada
19. Figure 2.2.4 : North American ecological zones, 2011
20. Figure 2.2.4 : North American ecological zones, 2011
21. Figure 2.2.5 : North American land cover, 2011
22. Figure 2.2.5 : North American land cover, 2011
23. Figure 2.2.6 : US land cover, 2011
24. Figure 2.2.7 : US land-cover change, 2001–2011
25. Figure 2.2.7 : US land-cover change, 2001–2011
26. Figure 2.2.8 : US shrubland, grassland, and pasture cover distribution, 2011
27. Figure 2.2.8 : US shrubland, grassland, and pasture cover distribution, 2011
28. Figure 2.4.12 : Sources of human-mediated nitrogen
29. Figure 2.4.12 : Sources of human-mediated nitrogen
30. Figure 2.4.15a : Predicted nitrates in shallow, recently recharged water; b Predicted nitrates in deeper groundwater used for drinking water, 2013
31. Figure 2.4.15a : Predicted nitrates in shallow, recently recharged water; b Predicted nitrates in deeper groundwater used for drinking water, 2013
32. Figure 2.4.16 : Ground water quality trends in the United States
33. Figure 2.4.16 : Ground water quality trends in the United States
34. Figure 2.4.1a : Canada, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
35. Figure 2.4.1a : Canada, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
36. Figure 2.4.1b : US, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
37. Figure 2.4.1b : US, total annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration, 1971–2000
38. Figure 2.4.2 : Great Lakes water quality index scores in Canada, 2014
39. Figure 2.4.2 : Great Lakes water quality index scores in Canada, 2014
40. Figure 2.4.20 : US, extent of private well contamination
41. Figure 2.4.20 : US, extent of private well contamination
42. Figure 2.4.21 : Water security in North America
43. Figure 2.4.21 : Water security in North America
44. Figure 2.4.23 : Annual storage loss of US reservoir capacity, 2012
45. Figure 2.4.23 : Annual storage loss of US reservoir capacity, 2012
46. Figure 2.4.5 : Fracking water use in the US, 2011–2014
47. Figure 2.4.5 : Fracking water use in the US, 2011–2014
48. Figure 2.4.9 : California’s drought level at the first week of January, 2011-2015
49. Figure 2.5.3 : US coastal states at risk of sea-level rise
50. Figure 2.5.3 : US coastal states at risk of sea-level rise
51. Figure 2.5.8 : North America, harmful algal blooms on the Atlantic and Pacific Coast, 2011
52. Figure 2.5.8 : North America, harmful algal blooms on the Atlantic and Pacific Coast, 2011
53. Figure 2.6.1 : Pharmaceuticals in surface water, tap water and/or drinking water, 2013
54. Figure 2.6.1 : Pharmaceuticals in surface water, tap water and/or drinking water, 2013
55. Figure 2.6.3 : Coal ash dam hazard rating map
56. Figure 2.6.3 : Coal ash dam hazard rating map
57. Figure 2.7.1 : Sea ice extent - View on Environment Live
58. Figure 2.7.1 : Sea ice extent - View on Environment Live
59. Figure 2.7.3 : The distribution of permafrost in the Arctic
60. Figure 2.7.3 : The distribution of permafrost in the Arctic
61. Figure 2.7.6 : Potential shipping routes in the Arctic, (2011-2035) and 2036-2060
62. Figure 2.7.6 : Potential shipping routes in the Arctic, (2011-2035) and 2036-2060
63. Figure 2.8.1 : An analysis of pressure over North America
64. Figure 2.8.1 : An analysis of pressure over North America
65. Figure 2.8.2 : North American Drought Monitor, October 2005–2015
66. Figure 2.8.2 : North American Drought Monitor, October 2005–2015
67. Figure 2.8.3 : Effect of changes in temperature distribution on extremes
68. Figure 2.8.4 : Vulnerable New York City
69. Figure 2.8.4 : Vulnerable New York City
70. Figure 2.8.5 : Mountain Pine Beetle, annual displacement
71. Figure 2.8.5 : Mountain Pine Beetle, annual displacement
72. Figure 3.2.11 : The Columbia University Superfund Research Programme “NPL Superfund Footprint Site, Population, and Environmental Characteristics” Mapper
73. Figure 3.2.11 : The Columbia University Superfund Research Programme “NPL Superfund Footprint Site, Population, and Environmental Characteristics” Mapper
74. Figure 3.2.13 : North American shale plays
75. Figure 3.2.13 : North American shale plays
76. Figure 3.2.15 : Human appropriation of net primary production, excluding effects of human-induced fires
77. Figure 3.2.15 : Human appropriation of net primary production, excluding effects of human-induced fires
78. Figure 3.2.2 : Distribution of species formally listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, 2014
79. Figure 3.2.2 : Distribution of species formally listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, 2014
80. Figure 3.2.4 : Monarch butterfly fall migration patterns
81. Figure 3.2.4 : Monarch butterfly fall migration patterns
82. Figure 3.2.7 : State development of numeric criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, 1998–2016
83. Figure 3.2.7 : State development of numeric criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, 1998–2016
84. Figure 3.3.2 : Drone-enabled agricultural intelligence
85. Figure 3.3.3 : ERMA web-based mapping application Deepwater Gulf Response
86. Figure 3.3.3 : ERMA web-based mapping application Deepwater Gulf Response
87. Figure 3.3.4 : Sage Grouse Initiative (SGI) interactive mapping tool
88. Figure 3.3.4 : Sage Grouse Initiative (SGI) interactive mapping tool
89. Figure 3.3.5 : Canadian Wildland Fire Information System Head fire intensity in Canada, 2015
90. Figure 3.3.5 : Canadian Wildland Fire Information System Head fire intensity in Canada, 2015
91. Figure 4.1.10a : Canada water shortages and advisories 2015
92. Figure 4.1.10a : Canada water shortages and advisories 2015
93. Figure 4.1.10b : US states, water shortages likely over the next decade, 2013.
94. Figure 4.1.10b : US states, water shortages likely over the next decade, 2013.
95. Figure 4.1.3 : North American population density, 2015
96. Figure 4.1.3 : North American population density, 2015
97. Figure 4.1.4 : Climate change projection for North America
98. Figure 4.1.4 : Climate change projection for North America
99. Figure 4.1.5 : Projected temperature change by 2071-2099
100. Figure 4.1.5 : Projected temperature change by 2071-2099
101. Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
102. Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
103. Figure 4.1.9 : Growth in solar photovoltaic energy potential,cumulative capacity additions 2012-2020, gigawatts
104. Figure 4.3.2 : Sustainable transport projects across the US, 2015
105. Figure 4.3.2 : Sustainable transport projects across the US, 2015

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1. Figure 2.3.1f : Marine mammals in Canada - Resident killer whale
2. Figure 2.3.2a : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Prince Leopold Island
3. Figure 2.3.2b : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Arctic Archipelago
4. Figure 2.3.2c : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - St. Lawrence Estuary
5. Figure 2.3.2d : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Mackenzie River
6. Figure 2.3.2e : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Bay of Fundy
7. Figure 2.3.2f : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Strait of Georgia
8. Figure 2.3.2g : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Lake Ontario
9. Figure 2.3.2h : Contaminant trends (parts per million on a logarithmic scale), 1970–2010 - Lake Trout
10. Figure 2.3.3 : Plastics ingested by seabirds, 1969–2011
11. Figure 2.3.4a : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Central coast
12. Figure 2.3.4b : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Grand Bank
13. Figure 2.3.4c : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Barkley Sound
14. Figure 2.3.4d : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Strait of Georgia
15. Figure 2.3.4e : Trends in selected fish species, 1950–2010 - Bay of Fundy
16. Figure 2.4.10a : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Central Valley,California
17. Figure 2.4.10b : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Southern High Plains Aquifer
18. Figure 2.4.10c : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Houstan,Texas
19. Figure 2.4.10d : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Alabama
20. Figure 2.4.10e : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Middle-Atlantic States
21. Figure 2.4.10f : Changes in US aquifers, 2003 and 2012 - Upper Missouri River basin
22. Figure 2.4.11 : Canada, freshwater quality in drainage regions, 2010–2012
23. Figure 2.4.17 : Fertilizer use and nitrate concentration in groundwater at recharge, 1940–2004
24. Figure 2.4.18 : Frequency of detection of organic wastewater contaminants by general use in US streams, 2002
25. Figure 2.4.19 : US, etiology of 885 drinking water-associated illness outbreaks, 1971–2012
26. Figure 2.4.22 : Rate of dam removal in the US, 1915-2014
27. Figure 2.4.3 : US water withdrawals from all sources, 1950–2010
28. Figure 2.4.4 : Canada water withdrawals, 2005, 2007 and 2009
29. Figure 2.4.6 : US water consumption by sectors, 2005-2009
30. Figure 2.4.7 : US groundwater pumping for public and domestic supply and population, 1950–2005
31. Figure 2.4.8 : Comparison of droughts across the continental US (top) and in NOAA’s climate region (bottom), 2000–2015
32. Figure 2.4.9 : California’s drought level at the first week of January, 2011-2015
33. Figure 2.5.1 : US Coral bleaching, 1980-2011
34. Figure 2.5.2 : US, sea-level rise, 1963–2012
35. Figure 2.5.4 : Rising CO2 in atmosphere, CO2 in oceans, and pH of seawater
36. Figure 2.5.6 : Canada, PCB reductions in harbour seals, 1980–2010
37. Figure 2.5.7 : Chesapeake Bay health report card, 1996–2013
38. Figure 2.5.9 : Marine litter, proportion of categories on reference beaches
39. Figure 2.6.5 : Food loss in the US at consumer and retail levels by food group, 2010
40. Figure 2.6.6 : Composting, Canada and provinces, 1994 and 2011
41. Figure 2.8.3 : Effect of changes in temperature distribution on extremes
42. Figure 2.8.6 : Nonlinear relation between temperature and yields
43. Figure 2.8.7 : Food Price Index
44. Figure 2.9.3 : Oklahoma, US, earthquakes over time
45. Figure 2.9.5 : Bike-sharing programmes in the US, 2007–2014
46. Figure 3.1.1 : US national environmental legislation, 1973-2015 (number of Congressional Bills)
47. Figure 3.1.2 : Percentages of US Democrats and Republicans reporting that national spending on the environment is “Too Little,” 1974-2012
48. Figure 3.2.1 : Trends in proportion of area protected, Canada, 1990-2014
49. Figure 3.2.12 : Impact of production tax credit expiration and extension on us annual installed wind capacity
50. Figure 3.2.3 : Total area occupied by monarch butterfly colonies at over-wintering sites in Mexico, 1994/1995–2014/2015
51. Figure 3.2.5 : Total and average monarch abundance estimates with standard error of the means at 76-187 over-wintering sites, 1997-2015
52. Figure 3.3.1 : Sales of fuels subject to BC carbon tax
53. Figure 3.3.6 : Inequalities in access to and use of ICT Services
54. Figure 4.1.1 : North America’s GDP relative to the world
55. Figure 4.1.11 : Growth in chemical production
56. Figure 4.1.12 : Publishing activity for selected contaminants of emerging concern, 1950–2013
57. Figure 4.1.2 : Canada and the US (combined), ageing population, 1950, 2015 and 2050
58. Figure 4.1.6 : Canada’s emission projections in 2020 and 2030 (Mt CO2 eq)
59. Figure 4.1.7 : Historic and projected US GHG emissions under Obama Administration targets
60. Figure 4.1.8 : Technologies for reducing CO2 emissions
61. Figure 4.3.1 : Reducing local carbon emissions in Portland and Multnomah County, 80% below 1990 levels by 2050
62. Figure 4.3.3 : Tillage system trends in the Canadian prairies
63. Figure 4.3.5 : Annual US Energy Storage Deployments (MW), 2012-2020
64. Figure 4.3.6 : US energy consumption by energy source, 2014
65. Figure 4.3.7 : US, natural gas production, historical developments and projection, 1990–2030
66. Figure 4.5.2 : Trends in the Canadian Index of Wellbeing for Ontario from 1994 - 2010
67. Figure 4.5.3 : Genuine Progress Indicator

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1. Table 1.1.1 : Environmental Issues that have been the focus of sustained policy attention since the 1970s
2. Table 1.2.1 : Categories for regional priorities
3. Table 2.1.1 : Smart growth principles and associated case studies
4. Table 2.2.1 : Land-use trends in Canada and the US (‘000 hectares)
5. Table 2.2.2 : US land-cover change in grasslands and shrublands by owner category, 2001–2011
6. Table 2.2.3 : US land cover percentages†
7. Table 2.3.1 : Species successfully landed in Lake Erie, 2013
8. Table 2.4.1 : Summary of water withdrawals and consumption across all major sectors in the US in 2005
9. Table 2.4.2 : Nitrogen loads to North American rivers, US 2005; Canada 2005–2009
10. Table 3.2.1 : Key features of GHG reduction policy instruments in some Canadian provinces
11. Table 3.2.2 : History of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 1972 – 2012
12. Table 3.2.3 : Examples of ecosystem service-related activities in federal agencies, US
13. Table 4.1.1 : Canada and the US, summary of forest fires
14. Table 4.1.2 : Area of change in square kilometres and % between the land cover map of 2005 and 2010
15. Table 4.3.1 : Energy Content of Wastewater
16. Table 4.3.2 : US, renewable energy resource potential
17. Table 4.5.1 : Estimates of values of different ecosystems
18. Table 4.5.2 : Types of capitals in inclusive wealth and their availability in Canada and US
19. Table 4.5.3 : General steps of scenario planning and modes of application in the policy process

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1. Figure 2.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, summary of drivers, pressures, state and trends, and impacts on land resources
2. Figure 2.3.1 : DPSIR indicators for ecosystems and biota in the Asia and the Pacific region
3. Figure 3.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific, progress on development indicators, by country
4. Figure 3.2.3 : Viet Nam, improving forest management in Lam Dong Province
5. Figure 4.1.1 : Overall direction of scenarios of selected environmental outlooks
6. Figure 4.5.1 : Leapfrog development scenarios towards a low-carbon Asia, to 2050 and beyond

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1. Box 2.3.1 : Projected mean species abundance (MSA), 2030
2. Figure 1.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific population density, 2015
3. Figure 1.3.1 : Flood waters inundated the provinces of Phra Naknon Si Ayutthaya and Bangkok, Thailand, December 2011 (NASA)
4. Figure 1.3.6 : Economic exposure to tropical cyclones in Asia and the Pacific
5. Figure 1.3.7 : Physical exposure to tropical cyclones in Asia and the Pacific
6. Figure 1.3.8 : Physical exposure to floods in Asia and the Pacific
7. Figure 1.3.9 : Physical exposure to drought in Asia Pacific
8. Figure 2.1.1 : Global distribution of anthropogenic mercury emissions to the air, 2010
9. Figure 2.1.3 : Diesel sulphur limits in Asia and the Pacific and globally
10. Figure 2.1.4 : Gasoline sulphur limits in Asia and the Pacific and globally
11. Figure 2.2.2 : Asia and the Pacific, increase in human pressure on land resources
12. Figure 2.2.3 : Asia and the Pacific, tree cover, 2010
13. Figure 2.2.4 : Asia and the Pacific, change in cropland, 2001–2012 - View on Environment Live
14. Figure 2.3.2 : Severity of coral bleaching Asia and the Pacific and areas of high thermal stress in the Asian and Pacific oceans, 1998–2006
15. Figure 2.3.5 : Projected land-use system, 2030
16. Figure 2.3.7 : Pacific Ocean managed marine areas, 2015
17. Figure 2.4.1 : Asia and the Pacific, total renewable water resources per person, cubic metres per person per year, 2014
18. Figure 2.4.2 : Asia and the Pacific, nutrient pollution in river basins in 2015
19. Figure 2.5.1 : Asia, most vulnerable deltas
20. Figure 2.5.2 : Global, top ten cities ranked by asset exposure (USD billion) to coastal flooding, 2070’s
21. Figure 2.5.4 : Deep sea minerals in Pacific
22. Figure 2.5.5 : Top ten sources of plastic waste
23. Figure 2.5.6 : Reefs at risk from integrated local threats, by area of reef in various sub-regions, square kilometres, 2012a
24. Figure 2.6.5 : Disaster waste generated at different locations across the world
25. Figure 2.6.6 : Uncontrolled waste disposal worldwide
26. Figure 3.2.4 : Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, disaster risk reduction
27. Figure 4.3.1 : Tropical storm tracks such as these have been moving pole-wards in recent decades, as monitored from multiple Earth observation satellites
28. Figure 4.5.3 : Cities reporting climate action to the Carbon and Cities Climate Registry, 2014

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1. Figure 1.1.2 : Annual population growth rate in Asia and the Pacific’s sub-regions, 1961–2014
2. Figure 1.1.3 : Asia and the Pacific rural and urban population projection, 2010–2050
3. Figure 1.1.4 : Fertility rate in Asia and the Pacific’s sub-regions, 1950–2050
4. Figure 1.1.5 : Asia Pacific and world’s age structure, 1950–2050
5. Figure 1.1.6 : Human Development Index rankings for Asia and the Pacific countries, 2013
6. Figure 1.1.7 : Asia and the Pacific, access to basic services improved drinking water and sanitation - View on Environment Live
7. Figure 1.2.1 : The relationship between overall eutrophic condition, associated eutrophic symptoms and influencing factors
8. Figure 1.2.10 : Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide released into the atmosphere from a variety of sources fall to the ground as wet or dry acid deposition - View on Environment Live
9. Figure 1.2.11 : North Atlantic Ocean Circulation
10. Figure 1.2.12 : Response of marine mammal species to sea ice loss mediated by their reliance on it for key aspects of their survival
11. Figure 1.2.13 : Resource pyramid concept
12. Figure 1.2.14 : How gas drilling could affect the environment
13. Figure 1.2.15 : Energy-from-waste plant diagram - View on Environment Live
14. Figure 1.2.16 : Elements of a sustainable consumption and production system - View on Environment Live
15. Figure 1.2.2 : Ecosystem services - View on Environment Live
16. Figure 1.2.3 : Portland and Multnomah County Climate Action Plan accomplishments
17. Figure 1.2.4 : Example of an ecosystem valuation framework
18. Figure 1.2.5 : Asia and the Pacific and world, total primary energy supply, petajoules, 1970–2015
19. Figure 1.2.6 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, total primary energy supply per person in Asia and the Pacific, its sub-regions and globally, gigajoules per person, 1970, 1990 and 2015
20. Figure 1.2.7 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, energy intensity, megajoules per USD, 1970–2015
21. Figure 1.2.8 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regions and world, energy intensity, megajoules per USD, 1970, 1990 and 2015
22. Figure 1.2.9 : Asia and the Pacific, total primary energy supply by energy carriers, Terajoules (1012 joules), 1970–2010
23. Figure 1.3.3 : Natural disaster events in Asia Pacific, 1970–2014
24. Figure 1.3.4 : Deaths caused by natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific by UNEP Sub-region, 1970-2014 - View on Environment Live
25. Figure 1.4.1 : Asia Pacific, population and life expectancy, 1960–2012 3
26. Figure 2.1.10 : Trends in atmospheric ozone in Japan, 1990–2010 – TMA is Tokyo Metropolitan Area, NA is Nagoya Area, OKA is Osaka/Kyoto Area and FA is Fukuoka Area
27. Figure 2.1.2 : Timeline of fuel quality standard evolution in Asia and the Pacific
28. Figure 2.1.5 : Emission of sulphur dioxide and black carbon in selected Asian sub-regions, 1850–2010
29. Figure 2.1.6 : Sensitivity of modelled glacier volumes to temperature and precipitation anomalies, 2015–2100
30. Figure 2.1.7 : Land temperature anomalies over Asia, 1915–2015
31. Figure 2.1.8 : Annual average PM10 concentrations in cities of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Thailand
32. Figure 2.1.9 : Top ranking of PM2.5 for cities in Asia - View on Environment Live
33. Figure 2.2.5 : Asia and Oceania, trends in Ramsar wetland sites, 1974-2016
34. Figure 2.3.3 : Change in carbon dioxide emissions from land-use change and forestry, million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2012 - View on Environment Live
35. Figure 2.3.4 : Asia and the Pacific forest area, 1990 –2015 by sub-region
36. Figure 2.3.6 : Red list categories for species in each region in 2015
37. Figure 2.5.3 : Pacific island states, economic losses due to tropical cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis
38. Figure 2.5.6 : Reefs at risk from integrated local threats, by area of reef in various sub-regions, square kilometres, 2012b
39. Figure 2.6.1 : Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation projections in different regions of the world, tonnes per day, 2010–2100
40. Figure 2.6.2 : Municipal solid waste generation projections per person, by region, kilogrammes per person per day, 2010–2100
41. Figure 2.6.3 : Composition of municipal solid waste by country and income group
42. Figure 2.6.4 : Estimated food loss, by country
43. Figure 2.6.7 : Greenhouse gas emissions GHG from the waste sector in Asia Pacific, thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
44. Figure 2.6.8 : Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector of the region’s four biggest emitters, million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, 1990–2012 - View on Environment Live
45. Figure 3.1.2a : Asia and the Pacific, carbon dioxide emissions, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
46. Figure 3.1.2a : Asia and the Pacific, carbon dioxide emissions, 1990–2011 - View on Environment Live
47. Figure 3.1.3 : Asia and the Pacific, reduction in ozone-depleting substances, 1990–2013 (ozone-depleting potential-weighted tonnes, ODP tonnes - View on Environment Live
48. Figure 3.1.4 : Asia and the Pacific, change in proportion of land covered by forest percentage, 1990-2010
49. Figure 3.1.5 : Asia and the Pacific, terrestrial and marine protected areas as a proportion of national territory
50. Figure 3.1.6 : Asia and the Pacific, threatened species
51. Figure 3.1.7 : Asia and the Pacific, water resource use in different countries, 1990–2015
52. Figure 3.1.8 : Asia and the Pacific, proportion of population with access to safe drinking water (bottom) and basic sanitation (top) - View on Environment Live
53. Figure 3.1.9 : Asia and the Pacific, proportion of slum population( left) and net change in slum population by 2014 (right)
54. Figure 3.2.1 : Thailand, general government expenditure on health and total health expenditure
55. Figure 3.2.2 : India, annual growth in installed renewable energy generation capacity, 2007–2015
56. Figure 4.2.1 : Global primary energy demand by type in the intended nationally determined contributions scenario
57. Figure 4.5.2 : Greenhouse gas reduction scenarios in a low-carbon Asia, 2005–2050, gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year - View on Environment Live

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1. Table 1.2.1 : Land-use trends in Canada and the US (‘000 hectares) - View on Environment Live
2. Table 1.3.1 : Species successfully landed in Lake Erie, 2013
3. Table 1.3.2 : Nitrogen loads to North American rivers, US 2005; Canada 2005–2009
4. Table 1.3.3 : History of Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 1972 – 2012
5. Table 1.4.1 : Area of change in square kilometres and % between the land cover map of 2005 and 2010
6. Table 2.1.1 : General steps of scenario planning and modes of application in the policy process
7. Table 2.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, sub-regional coverage of land-related state and trends
8. Table 2.3.1 : The amount and relative proportion of capture-fishery production in Asia and the Pacific countries
9. Table 2.4.1 : Water-related issues faced by countries in the Asia and the Pacific region
10. Table 2.5.1 : Asia and the Pacific coastline length (>500 kilometres)
11. Table 2.5.2 : Asia and the Pacific change in coastal populations within 100 kilmetres of the coast, 2000-2025
12. Table 3.1.1 : Asia and the Pacific, submission status of intended nationally determined contributions, 28 November 2015
13. Table 3.1.2 : Asia and the Pacific, status of international agreements related to fisheries
14. Table 3.1.3 : Northeast and Southeast Asia, selected existing regional air pollution cooperation frameworks
15. Table 3.2.1 : Asia and the Pacific, select list of policies and interventions for sustainable development
16. Table 4.4.1 : Review of scenarios for sub-regions
17. Table 4.4.2 : Environment-related targets in the SDGs, and Asia and the Pacific issues

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1. : GEO DPSIR conceptual framework
2. : Unprescribed: Drugs in the water cycle
3. Figure 1.1.1 : The Circular Economy
4. Figure 1.2.1 : Overview and examples of interlinkages between the environment and human health
5. Figure 1.2.10 : A model of environment-health interactions in cities
6. Figure 1.2.2 : Examples of actions and techniques available to increase adaptive capacity
7. Figure 1.2.3 : Biodiversity is the fundament for all life on the planet
8. Figure 1.2.4 : Examples of pathways and mediators between natural landscapes and health
9. Figure 2.2.1 : Overview of the links between different impacts of climate change from physical effects to impacts on bio-geophysical and anthropic systems and on health
10. Figure 2.3.4 : Primary sources of indoor air pollution
11. Figure 2.4.4 : Some selected key institutions, instruments, and frameworks for European Biodiversity Policy
12. Figure 2.6.8 : Average total phosphorus loads per unit catchment area (kilograms per square kilometer per year) into large lakes and reservoirs in Europe (left) and Central Asia (right)
13. Figure 2.7.1 : Humans and marine ecosystems
14. Figure 2.8.1 : Soils are at the centre of the critical zone interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and anthroposphere
15. Figure 2.8.2 : Degradative threats affecting European soils
16. Figure 4.2.2 : Linking sustainable consumption and production to other global goals
17. Figure-L2 2 : An individual’s developmental experiences during the period of plasticity influence risk of obesity and related NCDs on later life exposure to an obesogenic environment
18. Figure-L2 22 : Pathways through which humans are exposed to chemicals
19. Figure-L2 23 : Global mercury cycling
20. Figure-L2 28 : Simplified life-cycle for chemicals contained in products
21. Figure-L2 29 : From a linear to a circular economy and sustainable consumption and production
22. Figure-L2 30 : Circular economy system diagram.
23. Figure-L2 31 : Waste management hierarchy according to the EU Waste Framework Directive.
24. Figure-L2 37 : Estimated costs and benefits of restoration projects in different biomes
25. Figure-L2 4 : Pathways between microbial biodiversity, human immune system functioning, and disease development
26. Figure-L2 40 : Ocean acidification
27. Figure-L2 5 : System supply of microbiota from the external environment to the human organ system.
28. Figure-L2 8 : Organic farming protects both human and environmental health by reducing much of the pollution associated with conventional production

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1. Box 2.7.1 : Eutrophication in the Baltic and North Seas:
2. Figure 1.2.5 : Concentrations of PM10 in 2013
3. Figure 1.2.6 : Proportion of the 2010 population that gained access to sanitation facilities since 2005
4. Figure 1.2.9 : Percentage of population being urbanised in each country, 2010
5. Figure 2.2.2a : a and b Recent and projected regional trends in temperature and precipitation
6. Figure 2.2.4 : Key observed and projected impacts from climate change for the main regions in Europe
7. Figure 2.2.5 : Top five adaptation priorities in the pan-European region
8. Figure 2.3.1 : Baltic Sea, ship routes and traffic density
9. Figure 2.3.3 : Western and Central Europe and South Eastern Europe, annual average PM2.5 values - View on Environment Live
10. Figure 2.4.1 : Current measure of species richness for mammals, amphibians, and birds in the pan-European region
11. Figure 2.4.2 : Current endemic species of mammals, amphibians and birds
12. Figure 2.4.3 : Seagrass regression across the Mediterranean Sea
13. Figure 2.6.1 : Spatial distribution of annual runoff trends a) Annual mean flow, and b) Summer low flow
14. Figure 2.6.4 : Mean annual concentrations of BOD (milligrams per litre) for the year 2010, as measured at the EIONET-Water River monitoring stations for the time period from 1993
15. Figure 2.6.5 : Frequency in which severe pollution levels of biochemical oxygen demand occur in different river stretches in Central Asia over the period 2008-2010
16. Figure 2.6.6 : Proportion of classified river and lake water bodies in different EU-27 River Basin Districts holding less than good ecological status or potential
17. Figure 2.6.7 : Annual diffuse agricultural emissions of nitrogen (in kilograms per hectare) to freshwater in 2009
18. Figure 2.7.3 : a) Arctic sea ice extent for January 2016 was 13.53 million square kilometers (5.2 million square miles). The magenta line shows the 1981-2010 median extent for that month. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole; b) Monthly January ice exten - View on Environment Live
19. Figure 2.8.4 : Soil biomass productivity of croplands in the EU-27 in 2006
20. Figure 2.8.5 : Percentage of change in European population for the period 2001-2011
21. Figure 2.8.6 : Sahara dust storms affecting Southern Europe and Turkey Dust storm event of 15 January 2014 over Cyprus and Turkey
22. Figure 4.2.10 : Current (2010) and projected (2030) effects of air pollution on life expectancy in the EU
23. Figure 4.2.11 : Estimated share of species in grasslands that may not be affected by European nitrogen deposition in 2020 with the Revised Gothenburg Protocol
24. Figure 4.2.12 : PM2.5 concentrations in 2050 after implementation of climate and energy policies in the EU needed to meet the 2 degrees target of the UNFCCC and a shift towards low-meat diets
25. Figure 4.2.4 : Climate change impacts on river flows and water temperatures in Europe. Projected changes in (a) mean annual discharge, (b) low flows (10th percentile of daily distribution of river flow), and (c) mean water temperatures for the 2031-2060 time period rel
26. Figure 4.2.5 : Climate change impacts on (a) mean annual discharge, and (b) low flows in Central Asia for the time period 2041-2070 relative to 1971-2000
27. Figure 4.2.6 : Water stress defined as the water withdrawals-to-availability (wta) indicator in the pan-European region in the 2030s
28. Figure 4.2.7 : Pan-European region, projected net change in species richness under a BAU scenario, 2030
29. Figure 4.2.9 : Pan-European region, projected species richness under an improved policy scenario, 2035
30. Figure-L2 11 : Temperature changes (°C) in boreal winter (December, January, February) in the lowermost model soil layer (5.7 meters) for the period 2071–2100 compared to the period 1961–1990
31. Figure-L2 12 : Trend in relative sea level at selected European tide-gauge stations, 1970-2012.
32. Figure-L2 13 : Southern Europe, sensitivity to desertification index (SDI)
33. Figure-L2 18 : No policy scenario minus the actual scenario. The darker the red colour, the larger the air pollution reductions .
34. Figure-L2 20 : Expansion, persistence or contraction of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) population in continental Europe .
35. Figure-L2 34 : Mean annual nitrates in rivers in Europe Annual mean river nitrate concentration averaged by River Basin Districts of the EU-27 and European Free Trade Association, 2010
36. Figure-L2 35 : Map juxtaposing national borders of the 54 countries on international river basins. There are 147 international river basins in the pan-European region, 12 of which are lakes
37. Figure-L2 36 : Pan-European seas
38. Figure-L2 38 : Oil spills in the North Sea
39. Figure-L2 41 : Europe’s regional seas, and fast facts on EU MPA networks
40. Figure-L2 43 : Hazardous substances in the marine environment.
41. Figure-L2 44 : Soil erosion in Europe, 2010
42. Figure-L2 45 : Wind erosion susceptibility in Europe using the index of Land Susceptibility to Wind Erosion (ILSWE) predicted for 36 European countries (at a spatial resolution of 500m)
43. Figure-L2 47 : Food production and food trade dynamics
44. Figure-L2 48 : Different perspectives on the globalization of lands in 2007 - Eckert IV projections
45. Figure-L2 49 : Relative roles played by agricultural commodities versus manufactured ones and services in globalizing lands - Eckert IV projections.
46. Figure-L2 7 : Agricultural land as percentage of land area, 2010. - View on Environment Live
47. Figure-L2 9 : The concept of greening in the city of Astana

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1. Figure 1.2.7 : Types of chemicals addressed by policies and plans in the regio
2. Figure 1.2.8 : Implications of changes in per-capita food supply for cropland requirements, per capita and million hectares in Southern Europe and Northern Europe
3. Figure 2.2.3 : Territorial and consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in pan-European sub-regions, 1990–2013 - View on Environment Live
4. Figure 2.3.2 : Emission trends in the ECE region (excluding Canada and the United States of America)
5. Figure 2.4.5 : Important Bird Areas (IBA) and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites (AZE) sites fully covered by protected areas in the pan-European region, 1900-2010
6. Figure 2.5.1 : Municipal solid waste generated per person, or household waste collected per person, the pan-European region, 2004 and 2012.
7. Figure 2.5.2 : Hazardous waste generation for countries in the pan-European region, as reported in the Basel Convention National Reports, 37 countries (others not available) (Basel Convention National Reports 2014; 2013; 2012
8. Figure 2.5.3 : Domestic WEEE generation (calculated from EEE trade data) in 50 countries of the pan-European region, 2014.
9. Figure 2.6.2 : Impacts of floods in the pan-European region a) economic damage, b) number of disasters, and c) number of affected persons - View on Environment Live
10. Figure 2.6.3 : Percentage of the population connected to sewage system and wastewater treatment in pan-European regions for the years 2000 and 2010
11. Figure 2.7.2 : The mean trophic level of the catch per year for the western (red), central (green) and eastern (blue) Mediterranean; and the Black Sea (orange), 1970–2010
12. Figure 2.7.3 : a) Arctic sea ice extent for January 2016 was 13.53 million square kilometers (5.2 million square miles). The magenta line shows the 1981-2010 median extent for that month. The black cross indicates the geographic North Pole; b) Monthly January ice exten - View on Environment Live
13. Figure 2.7.4 : EU conservation status of listed marine species and habitats, by ecosystem type (number of assessments in brackets), 2007-2012
14. Figure 2.7.5 : European Seas, phosphorus and nitrogen loads, 1985–1990 and 2000–2005, kilotonnes per year
15. Figure 2.7.6 : Left panel temporal trends of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) equivalents (micrograms per kilogram of fat). Right panel perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations (micrograms per kilogram of formula weight) in common guillemot (Uria aalge) eggs fr
16. Figure 2.8.3 : Land take from urban development in the EU at the expense other land use categories, 2000-2006
17. Figure 4.1.1 : Factors of human well-being in the OECD’s Better Life Index for Turkey and Sweden
18. Figure 4.2.1 : Contrasting projections of domestic material extraction and material footprint in the EU with and without abatement measures - View on Environment Live
19. Figure 4.2.3 : Sectoral water withdrawals as computed by the WaterGAP model for the pan-European region for current conditions (2010) and the future under the SSP2 scenario and RCP6.0 climate change conditions
20. Figure 4.2.8 : Contribution of options to prevent further biodiversity loss by 2050
21. Figure L2 3 : Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the pan-European region
22. Figure-L2 1 : Results from functional magnetic resonance imaging, comparing groups living in urban or rural areas show a relationship between current urbanicity and activation of the amygdala, a brain structure regulating negative affect and stress
23. Figure-L2 10 : Poverty risk and environmental inequalities
24. Figure-L2 14 : Cumulative changes in greenhouse gas emissions in five major pan-European sub-regions by key drivers, 1995–2009 - View on Environment Live
25. Figure-L2 15 : Global, the Russian Federation and EU-28 emissions gaps. - View on Environment Live
26. Figure-L2 17 : Declining trend of diesel-fuel borne particle emissions from 2007 to 2010 and comparisons between normal urban zones and especially regulated LEZs in Berlin.
27. Figure-L2 19 : Grassland butterfly population index for 19 European countries, 1990–2011.
28. Figure-L2 21 : Number of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of the wild populations in the Russian Federation and harvesting numbers, 2000–2013.
29. Figure-L2 24 : Toxic equivalent concentrations for dioxins in human milk from World Health Organization (WHO) milk surveys, 1992– 2012
30. Figure-L2 25 : Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (sum of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138 , 153 and 180) in human breast milk analysed as part of WHO milk surveys, 2000–2003
31. Figure-L2 26 : Municipal solid waste recycling, including composting and bio-digestion, Western, Central and South Eastern Europe, 2004 and 2012, per cent
32. Figure-L2 27 : Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) put on the EU market and WEEE collected and treated, 2007–2012
33. Figure-L2 32 : Lost time injury rates (LTIR) for chemical company employees, European countries. LTIR is reported as the number of accidents resulting in one or more days out of work per million hours worked
34. Figure-L2 33 : Trends in water temperature of large European rivers and lakes
35. Figure-L2 39 : EEA-32 and Western Balkans, total fish catch, aquaculture production, fish consumption, fish imports, and fish exports, 1993–2012, in ‘000 tonnes - View on Environment Live
36. Figure-L2 42 : Regional seas, phosphorous (left) and nitrogen (right) loads, 1985–2005
37. Figure-L2 46 : Trends of harvested land under various major cereal crops - View on Environment Live
38. Figure-L2 50 : Brain activity measured by EEG whilst moving through an urban space with green space and an urban space without green space .
39. Figure-L2 51 : Concentrations of cortisol.
40. Figure-L2 52 : Participation in MEAs
41. Figure-L2 53 : Material intensity comparisons in Western and Central Europe and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, 1970–2010. - View on Environment Live
42. Figure-L2 54 : Intra-regional differences in material footprint in selected EU countries, 1990–2010. - View on Environment Live
43. Figure-L2 6 : Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to environmental noise exposure in the region. Most of these DALYs can be attributed to noise-induced sleep disturbance and annoyance

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1. Table 1 : Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation by housing sector
2. Table 1.1.1 : Regional priorities and themes in relation to the SDGs
3. Table 1.2.1 : US land-cover change in grasslands and shrublands by owner category, 2001–2011
4. Table 1.2.2 : US land cover percentages†
5. Table 10 : Energy Content of Wastewater
6. Table 11 : US, renewable energy resource potential
7. Table 2 : Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation by transport sector
8. Table 2.4.1 : Relative annual weighted change of the global IUCN Red List Index for mammals, birds and amphibians across the pan-European region and sub-regions.
9. Table 2.4.2 : Total numbers of species and of threatened species occurring in the pan-European region .
10. Table 2.5.1 : Obsolete pesticide stockpiles..
11. Table 3 : Health care sector - mitigation strategies applicable to the health care sector
12. Table 4 : Selected key policies that result in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs)
13. Table 5 : Air Quality Standards in the EU
14. Table 6 : Air Quality Standards in the EU (cont.)
15. Table 7 : Net annual increment and felling by region, 2010
16. Table 8 : Status of implementation of GHS
17. Table 9 : Summary of adverse effects of the marine litter by compartment of the marine environment and type of impacts

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1. : Major wetland ecosystem services prioritized in assessments on ecosystem services in LAC
2. : The Global Biodiversity Informatics Outlook (GBIO) Framework
3. Figure 1.2.1 : Factors affecting increasing prevalence of harmful algal blooms in freshwater
4. Figure 2.1.1 : Energy matrix in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2013 (all figures in kBOE/day).
5. Figure 2.2.4 : Hydropower lights up the Tropical Andes.
6. Figure 3.2.1 : The pillars of food security, which must operate in parallel and in synergy to alleviate and respond to food security in Latin America and the Caribbean.
7. Figure 3.2.2 : A conceptual framework of ocean governance.
8. Figure 4.4.9 : The food-energy-water nexus interlinkages among SDG targets.
9. Figure 4.5.1 : Environmental sustainability for SDGs.

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1. : Light pollution, urban population growth and biodiversity hotspots in Latin America and the Caribbean.
2. : Intactness of the species richness assemblage in the LAC region
3. : South America´s spatial distribution of fire pixels in 2015
4. : Latin America Passive Atmospheric Sampling Network
5. : South America, arithmetic mean radon level in SA (Becquerel per cubic metre) year 2007
6. : Location and main tributaries of the Madre de Dios river, between Peru, Bolivia and Brazil
7. : Water quality at selected beaches in Mexican touristic destinations
8. : St. Vincent and the Grenadines
9. : Change in ecosystem function provision and change in biodiversity importance between 2015 and 2050
10. : Projected total forest in Brazil (mature + regrowth) for 2030
11. Figure 2.1.2 : On 23 August 2010 Brazilian INPE´s fire system (INPE 2015a) using NASA-AQUA MODIS imagery observed a plume of smoke covering several million square kilometres flowing southwards from Amazonia and advecting into the South Atlantic Ocean in the extreme sou
12. Figure 2.2.1 : Latin America and the Caribbean, arid and humid areas.
13. Figure 2.2.11 : Water stressed areas and shale gas basins in Latin America and the Caribbean.
14. Figure 2.2.13 : Latin America and the Caribbean, meteorological stations.
15. Figure 2.2.2 : Annual freshwater withdrawal in the region as percentage of total renewable water.
16. Figure 2.2.3 : Net virtual water import (red) and export (green) of Latin America and the Caribbean in relation to the rest of the world (109 m3/year) in the period 1996 - 2005. Only the biggest gross virtual water flows (>109 m3/year) are shown.
17. Figure 2.2.8 : Relative risk of wastewater pollution (left) and nutrient pollution (right) in transboundary river basins of LAC.
18. Figure 2.2.9 : Observed (left) and expected (right) impacts linked to climate change in Latin America.
19. Figure 2.3.1 : Population density in Latin America and the Caribbean.
20. Figure 2.3.2 : Shipping routes in the Caribbean.
21. Figure 2.3.3 : Marine water quality measured in different points of the Colombian and Panamanian coasts.
22. Figure 2.3.4 : Concentrations of plastic debris in surface waters of LAC. Coloured circles indicate mass concentrations. Gray areas indicate predicted accumulation zones.
23. Figure 2.4.1 : Terrestrial Biomes of Latin America and the Caribbean region.
24. Figure 2.4.10 : Change in the area of double crops and total crops, 2000/01–2010/11.
25. Figure 2.4.11 : Schematic representation of the fragmentation process. (A) Grey represents the original land cover; white represents anthropogenic or new land cover. B-E Landscape cover type in 2002–2004 (B) Flooding Pampa, (C) Northern Campos, (D) Mesopotamic Pampa,
26. Figure 2.4.7 : Deforestation and reforestation hotspots, 2001–2010.
27. Figure 2.4.9 : Phyto-geographical sub-units of the Río de la Plata grasslands and Patagonian steppes with their phyto-geographical subunits.
28. Figure 2.5.15 : Protected Areas in LAC, 2015. - View on Environment Live
29. Figure 2.5.16 : Ramsar sites in LAC (2015).
30. Figure 2.5.17 : Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (2015)
31. Figure 2.5.18 : Areas of Payment for Ecosystem Services Programmes in Mexico, 2004-2009.
32. Figure 2.5.3 : Existing, under construction, and planned dams in LAC.
33. Figure 2.5.4 : Distribution of the average percentages of species that could lose their current geographic range in 2050 under five climate change scenarios.
34. Figure 2.5.7 : Coral reefs classified by integrated local threats (2014).
35. Figure 4.4.10 : Future fields of oil and gas.
36. Figure 4.4.8 : Future Agriculture Suitability 2011-2040.

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1. : Six out of the eleven major global producers of coffee are countries from LAC. Data 2014-2015 (Millions of 60 kilogram bags)
2. : Latin America and the Caribbean, metal reserves as a percentage of world reserves, 2000–2012
3. : Chile: Native forest substitution by plantations
4. Figure 1.2.2 : Assessment of progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets based on information in the fifth national reports for Latin America and the Caribbean countries
5. Figure 1.3.1 : Exports of goods and services (per cent of GDP).
6. Figure 1.3.2 : Remittance as percentage of gross national income (GNI) in Latin America and the Caribbean.
7. Figure 1.3.3 : FDI inflows as percentage of gross national income (GNI) in Latin America and the Caribbean.
8. Figure 1.3.4 : Proportion of urban population living in slums at midyear by country (1990-2009).
9. Figure 2.1.10 : Total CO2 emissions (2011) per economic area in LAC according to GDP and population.
10. Figure 2.1.11 : LAC. Carbon dioxide emissions from forest fires and decay of biomass after burning (left axis) and their relative share of global total carbon dioxide emissions (right axis). - View on Environment Live
11. Figure 2.1.3 : Annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (?g m-3) in selected cities in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011). The vertical lines represent respectively WHO, US-EPA, and EU quality standards for PM defined as the annual average of maximum amount - View on Environment Live
12. Figure 2.1.4 : Annual average ozone concentration in selected cities in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2011.
13. Figure 2.1.5 : Annual average ozone concentration and maximum eight hour average concentration (gray bar) in three major cities in Latin America in 2011. The horizontal red line represents the WHO standard for ozone exposure (eight-hour average).
14. Figure 2.1.6 : N2O emissions from soil emissions and agriculture (gigagrams) in LAC. Refer to the main text for the N2O processes each of these sources represents.
15. Figure 2.1.7 : LAC methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation (left axis) and their relative share of global total methane emissions from the same source (right axis).
16. Figure 2.1.8 : LAC CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in cattle (left axis) and their relative share of global total methane emissions from the same source (right axis).
17. Figure 2.1.9 : Total emissions of carbon dioxide in 2006 and 2011 (kilo tonnes per year) in LAC subregions. - View on Environment Live
18. Figure 2.2.10 : Domestic Food Price Index (FPI) for Latin America and the Caribbean.
19. Figure 2.2.12 : Improved drinking water coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-regions (percentage).
20. Figure 2.2.5 : Number of hydro-meteorological events and related affected people in Latin America and the Caribbean (1970-2010).
21. Figure 2.4.12 : Severity of soil degradation, 1990.
22. Figure 2.4.13 : Land degradation classes and status of ecosystem services, 2006–2010.
23. Figure 2.4.14 : Millions of hectares of forests certified by FSC by sub-region in LAC, 2003–2011.
24. Figure 2.4.2 : Soybean harvested area (km2) in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil (2005-2013).
25. Figure 2.4.3 : Trends in forest and agricultural area in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2000-2012.
26. Figure 2.4.4 : Urban population (% of total population) and urban area (per cent of LAC).
27. Figure 2.4.5 : Forest cover types.
28. Figure 2.4.6 : Average annual change in forest extent, 2000–2015 (thousands of hectares per year).
29. Figure 2.4.8 : Extent of forest plantation (’000 hectares) 1990–2015.
30. Figure 2.5.11 : Funding for treatment and prevention of malaria in Latin America and the Caribbean (USD Million) period 2000-2012.
31. Figure 2.5.13 : Number of fire pixels in 2015 in South America as detected by NASA MODIS-AQUA satellite.
32. Figure 2.5.14 : Protected areas in LAC per sub-region, 2015. - View on Environment Live
33. Figure 2.5.2 : Changes in population living in coastal cities near bays, deltas or estuaries, mangroves and coral reefs in LAC, 1945-2014.
34. Figure 2.5.5 : Deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazon, 1988-2015.
35. Figure 2.5.6 : Primary forests in five mega-diverse countries in LAC.
36. Figure 2.5.8 : Neotropical Living Planet Index 1970-2010. Dashed lines represent confidence limits.
37. Figure 2.5.9 : LAC´s threatened species after IUCN, 2015.
38. Figure 4.4.1 : GDP per person growth in the three scenarios.
39. Figure 4.4.11 : Military expenditure in the three scenarios.
40. Figure 4.4.12 : LAC education pyramid.
41. Figure 4.4.2 : Population living on less than USD 1.25 in the three scenarios.
42. Figure 4.4.3 : Population growth in the three scenarios.
43. Figure 4.4.4 : Population with access to improved sanitation in the three scenarios. - View on Environment Live
44. Figure 4.4.5 : Fish landings in FAO zones 31, 41, 77, and 87 in the three outlooks (historic data 1990-2014).
45. Figure 4.4.6 : Fish Depletion Index for LAC FAO regions in the three outlooks.
46. Figure 4.4.7 : Carbon dioxide emissions in LAC in the three scenarios (1990-2014). - View on Environment Live

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1. 2. Types of goods and services exported by Latin America and the Caribbean (2010 and 2014)
2. 51. GEO-LAC Scenarios in the Context of the SDGs
3. Selected commodities exported by Latin America and the Caribbean expressed as percentage of merchandise exports (2010 and 2014)
4. Major regional platforms for collaboration on environment and sustainable development
5. Major development banks in Latin America and the Caribbean
6. Total emissions of carbon dioxide in 2006 and 2011 (kilo tonnes per year) in LAC countries
7. Latin America and the Caribbean, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
8. Installed hydropower capacity in gigawatt (GW) in 2014
9. Latin America and the Caribbean, number and use of operational dams and reservoirs
10. Embedding the water-energy-food nexus within the SDGs
11. Key uncertainties considered for the three proposed scenarios for LAC
12. Table 1.3.1 : Summary of water withdrawals and consumption across all major sectors in the US in 2005
13. Table 1.3.2 : Key features of GHG reduction policy instruments in some Canadian provinces
14. Table 1.3.3 : Examples of ecosystem service-related activities in federal agencies, US
15. Table 1.3.4 : Canada and the US, summary of forest fires - View on Environment Live
16. Table 2.1.1 : Annual mean concentration of particulate matter of less than 10 microns of diameter (PM10) [?g m-3] and of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) in major cities in LAC countries. - View on Environment Live
17. Table 2.2.1 : Annual water withdrawals by sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.
18. Table 2.2.2 : Urbanization and land use planning for water provision in medium-size cities.
19. Table 2.2.3 : Impacts of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in 2012.
20. Table 2.2.4 : Referential list of policies, programmes and plans on progress towards integrated water resources management in Latin America and the Caribbean.
21. Table 2.4.1 : Main crops, area harvested (km2).
22. Table 2.4.2 : Forest cover by sub-region.
23. Table 2.4.3 : Forest area in Latin America and the Caribbean by sub-region. Period 1990-2015 (km2)
24. Table 2.4.4 : Area cultivated (km2) with winter, summer and double crops in 2000 and in 2010. 0
25. Table 2.4.5 : Evidence of land degradation, selected countries.
26. Table 2.5.1 : LAC´s population (´000) living in coastal cities (within 100 kilometres of the shore) with more than 100 000 inhabitants, 1945-2014.
27. Table 4.2.1 : Basic background for the outlooks.

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1. : Trapped populations
2. Figure 1.2.1 : The water, energy and food nexus
3. Figure 1.2.2 : Possible nexus outcomes
4. Figure 1.2.7 : Healthy environment, healthy people
5. Figure 2.7.4 : Infographic of circular economy
6. Figure 3.6.1 : Migration and environmental change vulnerability and resilience scenarios

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1. Box 2.4.1 : Land reclamation in Bahrain
2. Figure 1.2.10 : Pathways of pharmaceuticals in the environment
3. Figure 1.2.8 : Physical and economic water scarcity, 2012
4. Figure 2.4.1 : Ecological habitat map of the Arabian Peninsula
5. Figure 2.4.2 : Ecosystem threat in the Arabian Peninsula
6. Figure 2.4.4 : Geographical distribution of Salsola vermiculata (above) and Haloxylon salicornicum (below) in the Syrian Badia under the present climate and the HADCM3 global circulation model for 2020 and 2050.
7. Figure 2.5.1 : Global population density and concentrations of particulate matter
8. Figure 2.5.5 : Global status of leaded gasoline phase-out, January 2015
9. Figure 2.6.1 : Mean annual rainfall, temperature and annual minimum temperature for the Arabian Peninsula, 1979–2009. The lowest mean annual rainfall (< 80 mm) occurred over Rub Al-Khali and the sand desert area to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. The wettest region
10. Figure 2.6.3 : West Asia – temperature (ºC), medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing additional ºC compared to observed temperatures, 1986–2005
11. Figure 2.6.4 : West Asia – temperature (35 ºC), medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing annual additional number of days above 35 ºC, compared to observed numbers in 1986–2005
12. Figure 2.6.5 : West Asia – precipitation, medium (top) and high (bottom) climate change scenarios for 2081–2100, showing changes in precipitation compared to observed amounts in 1986–2005
13. Figure 2.6.6 : Overview of the coastal areas of the Arab region most vulnerable to sea level rise

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1. : West Asia, estimated annual costs of integrated management technology options
2. : West Asia, municipal solid waste emission reduction scenarios under a range of technological options, 2015
3. Figure 1.1.1 : West Asia, population growth and growth rates by country, 2013
4. Figure 1.1.2 : West Asia, gross domestic product, by country, current USD Billion 1961-2014
5. Figure 1.1.3 : West Asia, gross domestic product per person, per year, USD, 2015
6. Figure 1.2.11 : Arctic amplifying feedbacks
7. Figure 1.2.3 : West Asia, per person share of renewable water resources, 1980–2050
8. Figure 1.2.4 : West Asia, population trends by country, 1961–2014
9. Figure 1.2.5 : West Asia, total internal annual renewable water resources per person (cubic meters), 2014.
10. Figure 1.2.6 : West Asia, energy use per person by country, 1971–2011
11. Figure 1.2.9 : West Asia, refugee waste generation, 2015
12. Figure 1.4.1 : West Asia, deaths attributed to different types of air pollution, 2013
13. Figure 2.1.1 : West Asia renewable water resources as percentages of blue and green water
14. Figure 2.1.10 : West Asia sector share of blue water withdrawals, by country (2000 and 2012)
15. Figure 2.1.11 : West Asia total available water resources and renewable water resources, by country
16. Figure 2.1.12 : West Asia non-conventional annual water resources
17. Figure 2.1.13 : West Asia annual desalinated water production, by country, million cubic metres
18. Figure 2.1.14 : West Asia reused treated industrial and municipal wastewater, by country, million cubic metres
19. Figure 2.1.2 : West Asia annual internal renewable blue surface water and groundwater, by country
20. Figure 2.1.3 : West Asia total annual external renewable blue water resources, by country
21. Figure 2.1.4 : West Asia total renewable water resources per person, by country
22. Figure 2.1.5 : West Asia water supply coverage, by country
23. Figure 2.1.6 : West Asia sanitation coverage, by country - View on Environment Live
24. Figure 2.1.7 : West Asia total renewable blue water resources, by country (2000 and 2012)
25. Figure 2.1.8 : West Asia blue water withdrawals, by sector (2000 and 2012)
26. Figure 2.1.9 : West Asia flood events, by country (1989–2000, 2000–2011)
27. Figure 2.2.1 : Average annual population growth rates, by country in West Asia, per cent, 2010–2015
28. Figure 2.3.1 : GCC countries, landed fish catches 1986–2007
29. Figure 2.3.2 : The impact of sea-level rise on selected coastal land areas in West Asia
30. Figure 2.4.3 : West Asia’s threatened species, by category
31. Figure 2.4.5 : West Asia invasive species by country, 1999
32. Figure 2.5.2 : Global emissions of (a) sulphur dioxide and (b) nitrogen oxides by region, 1979–2000 - View on Environment Live
33. Figure 2.5.3 : West Asia sulphur dioxide emissions, million tonnes, 1970–2008 - View on Environment Live
34. Figure 2.5.4 : West Asia nitrogen dioxide emissions, million tonnes, 1970–2008
35. Figure 2.6.2 : Saudi Arabia, time sequences for observed maximum, mean and minimum temperatures, 1978–2009
36. Figure 2.6.7 : West Asia, total carbon dioxide emissions, ’000 tonnes, 1961–2011 - View on Environment Live
37. Figure 2.6.8 : West Asia, carbon dioxide emissions per person (tonnes) by country, 2011 - View on Environment Live
38. Figure 2.6.9 : West Asia, energy use per person by country, kilograms of oil equivalent, 1971–2011
39. Figure 2.7.1 : West Asia, municipal solid waste generation, tonnes, latest year
40. Figure 2.7.2 : West Asia, composition of municipal solid waste, per cent, latest year
41. Figure 2.7.3 : West Asia, wastewater treatment rates, 2014
42. Figure 3.2.1 : West Asia, population growth, 1950–2050
43. Figure 3.3.1 : The world’s largest oil producers, million barrels per day, 1984–2014

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1. Box 2.4.2 : West Asia, parties to biodiversity-related conventions
2. Box 2.5.1 : West Asia deaths attributable to ambient air pollution, 2004 and 2008
3. Box 2.7.1 : West Asia, municipal solid waste collection coverage
4. Box 2.7.2 : West Asia, estimated dry solids in residual municipal solid waste
5. Table 1.2.1 : West Asia, water stress, 1995–2010
6. Table 1.2.2 : West Asia, water stress, 1995–2010
7. Table 1.2.3 : West Asia shared surface water basins
8. Table 1.2.4 : West Asia, shared groundwater aquifer systems
9. Table 1.2.5 : West Asia, emission reduction potential for shortlisted mitigation technologies
10. Table 1.4.1 : West Asia, burden of disease of environmental risk factors, 2004 and 2013 (estimated)
11. Table 1.4.3 :
12. Table 1.4.4 :
13. Table 2.1 : Summary of pressures and policy responses extracted from West Asia regional assessment using DPSIR
14. Table 3.2.2 : Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in West Asian countries in 1961 and 2008
15. Table 3.5.1 : Sustainable Development Goal targets particularly relevant to the West Asia region
16. Table 3.6.1 : The Oryx Scenario matrix

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